5-speed gearbox + reverse, the 1600 Volkswagen Golf (2009). A consists of a power source and a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Merriam-Webster defines transmission as: an assembly of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from an engine to a live axle. Often transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses and to provide and conversions from a rotating power source to another device. In British English the term transmission refers to the whole, including gearbox, clutch, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), differential and final drive shafts. In U.S American English, however, the distinction is made that a gearbox is any device which converts speed and torque, whereas a transmission is a type of gearbox that can be 'shifted' to dynamically change the speed:torque ratio, such as in a vehicle.

• Classic Chevy 5 Speeds
• Beginnings Gentle Motion Swing 5 Speed Recall
• Beginnings Gentle Motion Swing 5 Speed

The most common use is in, where the transmission adapts the output of the to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing in the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and anywhere else rotational speed and torque needs to be adapted. Often, a transmission will have multiple gear ratios (or simply 'gears'), with the ability to switch between them as speed varies.

Cosco beginnings gentle motion baby swing manual. Cosco Juvenile Cosco Beginnings Gentle Motion. Resulting that there is no motion of the swing at any speed.

This switching may be done manually (by the operator), or automatically. Directional (forward and reverse) control may also be provided. Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output.

In motor vehicle applications, the transmission will generally be connected to the of the engine. The output of the transmission is transmitted via to one or more, which in turn drive the wheels. While a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on turns) as it changes the direction of rotation. Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the only mechanism for speed/torque adaptation.

Alternative mechanisms include and power transformation (e.g., etc.). Hybrid configurations also exist.

Interior view of Pantigo Windmill, looking up into cap from floor - cap rack, brake wheel, brake and wallower. Pantigo Windmill is located on James Lane, East Hampton, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York. Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in, -powered devices, and, in support of, and. Most modern gearboxes are used to increase while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft (e.g. A motor crankshaft).

This means that the output shaft of a gearbox will rotate at a slower rate than the input shaft, and this reduction in speed will produce a, causing an increase in torque. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in shaft speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the physical direction in which power is transmitted. Many typical transmissions include the ability to select one of several different.

In this case, most of the gear ratios (often simply called 'gears') are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque. However, the highest gears may be ' types that increase the output speed. Uses Gearboxes have found use in a wide variety of different—often —applications, such as. Transmissions are also used in, and equipment. In addition to ordinary transmission equipped with gears, such equipment makes extensive use of the hydrostatic drive and electrical. The main gearbox and rotor of a helicopter The simplest transmissions, often called gearboxes to reflect their simplicity (although complex systems are also called gearboxes in the vernacular), provide gear reduction (or, more rarely, an increase in speed), sometimes in conjunction with a right-angle change in direction of the shaft (typically in, see picture).

These are often used on -powered agricultural equipment, since the axial PTO shaft is at odds with the usual need for the driven shaft, which is either vertical (as with rotary mowers), or horizontally extending from one side of the implement to another (as with, and ). More complex equipment, such as choppers and, have drives with outputs in more than one direction. The gearbox in a converts the slow, high-torque rotation of the turbine into much faster rotation of the. These are much larger and more complicated than the PTO gearboxes in farm equipment. They weigh several tons and typically contain three stages to achieve an overall gear ratio from 40:1 to over 100:1, depending on the size of the turbine. (For and structural reasons, larger turbines have to turn more slowly, but the generators all have to rotate at similar speeds of several thousand rpm.) The first stage of the gearbox is usually a planetary gear, for compactness, and to distribute the enormous torque of the turbine over more teeth of the low-speed shaft. Durability of these gearboxes has been a serious problem for a long time.

Regardless of where they are used, these simple transmissions all share an important feature: the cannot be changed during use. It is fixed at the time the transmission is constructed. For transmission types that overcome this issue, see, also known as CVT.

Multi-ratio systems. Amphicar gearbox cutaway w/optional shift for water going propellers Many applications require the availability of multiple. Often, this is to ease the starting and stopping of a mechanical system, though another important need is that of maintaining good. Automotive basics The need for a transmission in an is a consequence of the characteristics of the.

Engines typically operate over a range of 600 to about 7000 (though this varies, and is typically less for diesel engines), while the car's wheels rotate between 0 rpm and around 1800 rpm. Furthermore, the engine provides its highest torque and power outputs unevenly across the rev range resulting in a and a. Often the greatest torque is required when the vehicle is moving from rest or traveling slowly, while maximum power is needed at high speed. Therefore, a system that transforms the engine's output so that it can supply high torque at low speeds, but also operate at highway speeds with the motor still operating within its limits, is required. Transmissions perform this transformation. A diagram comparing the power and torque bands of a 'torquey' engine versus a 'peaky' one The dynamics of a car vary with speed: at low speeds, acceleration is limited by the inertia of vehicular gross mass; while at cruising or maximum speeds wind resistance is the dominant barrier.

Many transmissions and used in and applications are contained in a case, though more frequently is used for lower weight especially in cars. There are usually three shafts: a mainshaft, a countershaft, and an idler shaft.

The mainshaft extends outside the case in both directions: the input shaft towards the engine, and the output shaft towards the rear axle (on rear wheel drive cars- front wheel drives generally have the engine and transmission mounted transversely, the differential being part of the transmission assembly.) The shaft is suspended by the main, and is split towards the input end. At the point of the split, a pilot bearing holds the shafts together.

The gears and ride on the mainshaft, the gears being free to turn relative to the mainshaft except when engaged by the clutches. Types of automobile transmissions include,.

Main article: Manual transmission come in two basic types:. a simple but rugged sliding-mesh or system, where straight-cut spur gear sets are spinning freely, and must be synchronized by the operator matching engine revs to road speed, to avoid noisy and damaging 'gear clash',. and the now common constant-mesh gearboxes which can include non-synchronised, or systems, where typically diagonal cut helical (or sometimes either straight-cut, or ) gear sets are constantly 'meshed' together, and a is used for changing gears. On synchromesh boxes, friction cones or 'synchro-rings' are used in addition to the dog clutch to closely match the rotational speeds of the two sides of the (declutched) transmission before making a full mechanical engagement.

The former type was standard in many vintage cars (alongside e.g. Epicyclic and multi-clutch systems) before the development of constant-mesh manuals and hydraulic-epicyclic automatics, older heavy-duty, and can still be found in use in some agricultural equipment.

The latter is the modern standard for on- and off-road transport manual and semi-automatic transmission, although it may be found in many forms; e.g, non-synchronised straight-cut in racetrack or super-heavy-duty applications, non-synchro helical in the majority of heavy trucks and motorcycles and in certain classic cars (e.g. The Fiat 500), and part- or fully-synchronised helical in almost all modern manual-shift passenger cars and light trucks. Manual transmissions are the most common type outside and. They are cheaper, lighter, usually give better performance, and fuel efficiency (although automatic transmissions with torque converter lockup and advanced electronic controls can provide similar results). It is customary for new drivers to learn, and be tested, on a car with a manual gear change.

In and all cars used for testing (and because of that, virtually all those used for instruction as well) have a manual transmission. In, the, the, Ireland, the Australian states of, Western Australia and Queensland, and, a test pass using an automatic car does not entitle the driver to use a manual car on the public road; a test with a manual car is required. Manual transmissions are much more common than automatic transmissions in, and. Manual transmissions can include both synchronized and unsynchronized gearing. For example, reverse gear is usually unsynchronised, as the drive is only expected to engage it when the vehicle is at a standstill. Many older (upto 1970s) cars also lacked syncro on first gear (for various reasons - cost, typically 'shorter' overall gearing, engines typically having more low-end torque, the extreme wear which would be placed on a frequently-used 1st gear synchroniser.), meaning it also could only be used for moving away from a stop unless the driver became adept at double-declutching and had a particular need to regularly downshift into the lowest gear. Some manual transmissions have an extremely low ratio for first gear, which is referred to as a 'creeper gear' or 'granny gear'.

Such gears are usually not synchronized. This feature is common on pickup trucks tailored to trailer-towing, farming, or construction-site work. During normal on-road use, the truck is usually driven without using the creeper gear at all, and second gear is used from a standing start. Some off-road vehicles, most particularly the Willys Jeep and its descendents, also had transmissions with 'granny first's either as standard or an option, but this function is now more often provided for by a low-range transfer gearbox attached to a normal fully-synchronised transmission.

Main article: There are commercial applications engineered with designs taking into account that the gear shifting will be done by an experienced operator. They are a manual transmission, but are known as non-synchronized transmissions. Dependent on country of operation, many local, regional, and national laws govern the operation of these types of vehicles ( see ). This class may include, military,. Some of these may use combinations of types for multi-purpose functions. An example would be a (PTO) gear. The non-synchronous transmission type requires an understanding of gear range, torque, engine power, and multi-functional clutch and shifter functions.

Also see, and sections of the main article. Or planetary gearing as used in an automatic transmission. Most modern North American and Australian and some European and Japanese cars have an that will select an appropriate gear ratio without any operator intervention. They primarily use to select gears, depending on exerted by fluid within the transmission assembly. Rather than using a to engage the transmission, a fluid flywheel, or is placed in between the engine and transmission. It is possible for the driver to control the number of gears in use or select reverse, though precise control of which gear is in use may or may not be possible. Automatic transmissions are easy to use.

However, in the past, automatic transmissions of this type have had a number of problems; they were complex and expensive, sometimes had reliability problems (which sometimes caused more expenses in repair), have often been less fuel-efficient than their manual counterparts (due to 'slippage' in the torque converter), and their was slower than a manual making them uncompetitive for racing. With the advancement of modern automatic transmissions this has changed. Attempts to improve the fuel efficiency of automatic transmissions include the use of which lock up beyond a certain speed, or in the higher gear ratios, eliminating power loss, and overdrive gears which automatically actuate above certain speeds; in older transmissions both technologies could sometimes become intrusive, when conditions are such that they repeatedly cut in and out as speed and such load factors as grade or wind vary slightly. Current computerized transmissions possess very complex programming to both maximize fuel efficiency and eliminate any intrusiveness, and we are at a point in technological advancement where automatics are beginning to outperform manuals in both performance and efficiency. This is due mainly to electronic advances rather than mechanical ones although improvements in technology and the use of automatic clutches have also helped.

The 2012 model of the Honda Jazz sold in the UK actually claims marginally better fuel consumption for the CVT version than the manual version. For certain applications, the slippage inherent in automatic transmissions can be advantageous; for instance, in, the automatic transmission allows the car to be stopped with the engine at a high rpm (the ') to allow for a very quick launch when the brakes are released; in fact, a common modification is to increase the stall speed of the transmission.

This is even more advantageous for engines, where the turbocharger needs to be kept spinning at high rpm by a large flow of exhaust in order to keep the up and eliminate the that occurs when the engine is idling and the throttle is suddenly opened. Main article: A hybrid form of transmission where the an integrated control system handles manipulation of the automatically, but the driver can still - and may be required to - take manual control of gear selection.

This is sometimes called a 'clutchless manual,' or 'automated manual' transmission. Many of these transmissions allow the driver to fully delegate gear shifting choice to the control system, which then effectively acts as if it was a regular automatic transmission.

They are generally designed using manual transmission 'internals', and when used in passenger cars, have synchromesh operated helical constant mesh gear sets. Early semi-automatic systems used a variety of mechanical and hydraulic systems - including centrifugal clutches, torque converters, electro-mechanical (and even electrostatic) and servo/solenoid controlled clutches - and control schemes - automatic declutching when moving the gearstick, pre-selector controls, centrifugal clutches with drum-sequential shift requiring the driver to lift the throttle for a successful shift, etc - and some were little more than regular lock-up torque converter automatics with manual gear selection.

Most modern implementations, however, tend to be standard or slightly-modified manual transmissions (and very occasionally modified automatics, even including a few cases of with 'fake' fixed gear ratios), with servo-controlled clutching and shifting under command of the central engine computer. These are intended to be a combined replacement option both for more expensive and less efficient 'normal' automatic systems, and for drivers who prefer manual shift but are no longer able to operate a clutch, and users are encouraged to leave the shift lever in fully-automatic 'Drive' most of the time, only engaging manual-sequential mode for sporty driving or when otherwise strictly necessary. Specific types of this transmission include:, and, as well as the systems used as standard in all ICE-powered vehicles, and on geared step-through scooters such as the. A transmission uses two sets of internals which are alternately used, each with its own clutch, so that a 'gearchange' actually only consists of one clutch engaging as the other disengages, making for a supposedly 'seamless' shift with no break in (or jarring reuptake of) power transmission.

Each clutch's attached shaft carries half of the total input gear complement (with a shared output shaft), including synchronised dog clutch systems that pre-select which of its set of ratios is most likely to be needed at the next shift, under command of a computerised control system. Specific types of this transmission include:. There are also sequential transmissions which use the rotation of a drum to switch gears, much like those of a typical fully-manual motorcycle. These can be designed with a manual or automatic clutch system, and may be found both in automobiles (particularly track and rally racing cars), motorcycles (typically light 'step-thru' type city utility bikes, e.g. The Honda Cub) and quadbikes (often with a separately-engaged reversing gear), the latter two normally using a scooter-style centrifugal clutch.

Bicycle gearing. Main articles:, and usually have a system for selecting different gear ratios. There are two main types: and.

The derailleur type is the most common, and the most visible, using gears. Typically there are several gears available on the rear sprocket assembly, attached to the rear wheel.

A few more sprockets are usually added to the front assembly as well. Multiplying the number of sprocket gears in front by the number to the rear gives the number of gear ratios, often called 'speeds'. Hub gears use and are enclosed within the of the rear wheel. Because of the small space, they typically offer fewer different speeds, although at least one has reached and Fallbrook Technologies manufactures a with technically infinite ratios.

Classic Chevy 5 Speeds

Causes for failure of bicycle gearing include: worn teeth, damage caused by a faulty chain, damage due to thermal expansion, broken teeth due to excessive pedaling force, interference by foreign objects, and loss of lubrication due to negligence. Uncommon types Dual clutch transmission. Main article: This arrangement is also sometimes known as a direct shift gearbox or powershift gearbox. It seeks to combine the advantages of a conventional manual shift with the qualities of a modern automatic transmission by providing different clutches for odd and even speed selector gears. When changing gear, the engine torque is transferred from one gear to the other continuously, so providing gentle, smooth gear changes without either losing power or jerking the vehicle.

Gear selection may be manual, automatic (depending on throttle/speed sensors), or a 'sports' version combining both options. Continuously variable.

Beginnings Gentle Motion Swing 5 Speed Recall

Main article: The Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is a transmission in which the ratio of the rotational speeds of two shafts, as the input shaft and output shaft of a vehicle or other machine, can be varied continuously within a given range, providing an infinite number of possible ratios. The CVT allows the relationship between the speed of the engine and the speed of the wheels to be selected within a continuous range. This can provide even better fuel economy if the engine is constantly running at a single speed. The transmission is in theory capable of a better user experience, without the rise and fall in speed of an engine, and the jerk felt when poorly changing gears. CVTs are increasingly found on small cars, and especially high-gas-milage or vehicles. On these platforms the torque is limited because the can provide torque without changing the speed of the engine. By leaving the engine running at the rate that generates the best gas milage for the given operating conditions, overall milage can be improved over a system with a smaller number of fixed gears, where the system may be operating at peak efficiency only for a small range of speeds.

CVTs are rare on other platforms, especially high-torque applications, as they are generally constructed using rubber belts or similar devices that are subject to slippage at high torque. Infinitely variable The IVT is a specific type of CVT that includes not only an infinite number of gear ratios, but an infinite range as well. This is a, it actually refers to CVTs that are able to include a 'zero ratio', where the input shaft can turn without any motion of the output shaft while remaining in gear. Zero output implies infinite ratios, as any 'high gear' ratio is an infinite number of times higher than the zero 'low gear'. Most (if not all) IVTs result from the combination of a CVT with an epicyclic gear system with a fixed ratio.

The combination of the fixed ratio of the epicyclic gear with a specific matching ratio in the CVT side results in zero output. For instance, consider a transmission with an epicyclic gear set to 1:-1 gear ratio; a 1:1 reverse gear. When the CVT side is set to 1:1 the two ratios add up to zero output. The IVT is always engaged, even during its zero output.

When the CVT is set to higher values it operates conventionally, with increasing forward ratios. In practice, the epicyclic gear may be set to the lowest possible ratio of the CVT, if reversing is not needed or is handled through other means. Reversing can be incorporated by setting the epicyclic gear ratio somewhat higher than the lowest ratio of the CVT, providing a range of reverse ratios.

Electric variable The Electric Variable Transmission (EVT) combines a transmission with an electric motor to provide the illusion of a single CVT. In the common implementation, a gasoline engine is connected to a traditional transmission, which is in turn connected to an epicyclic gear system's planet carrier. An electric motor/generator is connected to the central 'sun' gear, which is normally un-driven in typical epicyclic systems. Both sources of power can be fed into the transmission's output at the same time, splitting power between them. In common examples, between ¼ and ½ of the engine's power can be fed into the sun gear. Depending on the implementation, the transmission in front of the epicyclic system may be greatly simplified, or eliminated completely. EVTs are capable of continuously modulating output/input speed ratios like mechanical CVTs, but offer the distinct benefit of being able to also apply power from two different sources to one output, as well as potentially reducing overall complexity dramatically.

In typical implementations, the gear ratio of the transmission and epicyclic system are set to the ratio of the common driving conditions, say highway speed for a car, or city speeds for a bus. When the drivers presses on the gas, the associated electronics interprets the pedal position and immediately sets the gasoline engine to the RPM that provides the best gas milage for that setting. As the gear ratio is normally set far from the maximum torque point, this set-up would normally result in very poor acceleration. Unlike gasoline engines, electric motors offer efficient torque across a wide selection of RPM, and are especially effective at low settings where the gasoline engine is inefficient. By varying the electrical load or supply on the motor attached to the sun gear, additional torque can be provided to make up for the low torque output from the engine. As the vehicle accelerates, the power to the motor is reduced and eventually ended, providing the illusion of a CVT. The canonical example of the EVT is Toyota's.

This implementation has no conventional transmission, and the sun gear always receives 28% of the torque from the engine. This power can be used to operate any electrical loads in the vehicle, recharging the batteries, powering the entertainment system, or running the air conditioning. Any residual power is then fed back into a second motor that powers the output of the drivetrain directly. At highway speeds this additional generator/motor pathway is less efficient than simply powering the wheels directly. However, during acceleration, the electrical path is much more efficient than engine operating so far from its torque point.

GM uses a similar system in the Allison Bus hybrid powertrains and the Tahoe and Yukon pick-up trucks, but these use a two-speed transmission in front of the epicyclic system, and the sun gear receives close to half the total power. Non-direct Electric Electric transmissions convert the mechanical power of the engine(s) to electricity with and convert it back to mechanical power with. Electrical or electronic control systems are used to control the speed and torque of the motors. If the generators are driven by, such arrangements are called. Likewise installations powered by are called diesel-electric.

Diesel-electric arrangements are used on many railway locomotives, ships, large trucks, and some. In these cases, each driven wheel is equipped with its own electric motor, which can be fed varying electrical power to provide any required torque or power output for each wheel independently. This produces a much simpler solution for multiple driven wheels in very large vehicles, where drive shafts would be much larger or heavier than the electrical cable that can provide the same amount of power. It also improves the ability to allow different wheels to run at different speeds, which is useful for steered wheels in large construction vehicles. Hydrostatic See also Hydrostatic transmissions transmit all power hydraulically, using the components of. They are similar to electrical transmissions, but hydraulic fluid as the power distribution system rather than electricity. The transmission input drive is a central hydraulic pump and final drive unit(s) is/are a hydraulic motor, or hydraulic cylinder (see: ).

Both components can be placed physically far apart on the machine, being connected only by flexible hoses. Hydrostatic drive systems are used on excavators, lawn tractors, forklifts, winch drive systems, heavy lift equipment, agricultural machinery, earth-moving equipment, etc.

An arrangement for was probably used on the Ferguson racing car in about 1961. The of the is hydrostatic. Hydrodynamic If the hydraulic pump and/or hydraulic motor make use of the effects of the fluid flow, i.e. Pressure due to a change in the fluid's momentum as it flows through vanes in a turbine. The pump and motor usually consist of rotating vanes without seals and are typically placed in close proximity.

The transmission ratio can be made to vary by means of additional rotating vanes, an effect similar to varying the pitch of an airplane. The in most automotive automatic transmissions is, in itself, a hydrodynamic transmission. Hydrodynamic transmissions are used in many passenger rail vehicles, those that are not using electrical transmissions. In this application the advantage of smooth power delivery may outweigh the reduced efficiency caused by turbulence energy losses in the fluid. See also. References.

Merriam-Webster definition of transmission. J. Pennock, and J. Shigley, 2003, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Oxford University Press, New York.

Paul, 1979, Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery, Prentice Hall. Stiesdal, Henrik (August 1999), retrieved 2009-10-06. Musial, W.; Butterfield, S.; McNiff, B.

Beginnings Gentle Motion Swing 5 Speed

(May 2007), National Renewable Energy Laboratory,. ^. Howstuffworks.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.